Psychology of Attraction - 1620 Words

What makes us attracted to certain people more than others? The science of Psychology explains how people become attracted to one another. Certainly some aspects of beauty are cultural; fashion and trends change over time. Also, society and the media influence us into thinking what traits are attractive. Some reasons for attraction have to do with familiarity and proximity. Biology also plays a role in determining what traits we will possess. Biology and Psychology work hand and hand to help us pick our mates. The media plays a major role in determining what is and isn’t attractive. In Breeding Between the Lines: Why Interracial People Are Healthier and More Attractive, Alon Ziv (2006) writes,† When it comes to picking a mate, society†¦show more content†¦Ziv (2006) writes, â€Å"For centuries, women have known that a narrow waist and wide hips are appealing and have gone great lengths to accentuate these features with corsets, bustles, and petticoats† (p. 118). Ziv also writes, â€Å"The appeal of the woman’s hourglass figure is nearly universal. Curves separate the girls from the boys, and apparently the hot from the not† (p. 118). Psychologist Devendra Singh of the University of Texas studied peoples waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). She states that â€Å"Women with a WHR of 0.7—indicating a waist significantly narrower than the hips—are most desirable to men† (Carey, 2006, Those hips,  ¶ 1). â€Å"Hourglass† figures ar e desired by men because the hips show fertility. In an analysis of hourglass figures of Playboy models and Miss America contestants, it showed that the majority of these women had a WHR of 0.7 or lower (Carey, 2006). What exactly is encoded in the hip ratio? It is a sign to whether the person will have enough energy to care for offspring. Also, people who have the ideal hip-ratio range are less likely to get diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and diabetes, studies have shown (Carey, 2006). A trait that is important to attract mates it clear skin. Ziv (2006) writes, â€Å"As much as fashion and beauty can vary across cultures, clear skin in universally admired† (p. 118). Subconsciously, when humans see clear skin, they are relieved. The reason they have relieved is that clear skin means that there aren’tShow MoreRelatedAttraction in Social Psychology2034 Words   |  9 PagesAttraction in Social Psychology PSY 326 Introduction: Attraction in Social Psychology is one of the key areas where there is still research going on to understand what are the various elements in a human that makes him/her to behave in a specific manner how these variations are processed by the brain. 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Repeated exposure to a certain stimulus, allows individuals to develop stronger impressions and greater familiarity towards the stimulus, promoting interpersonal attraction (Zajonc, 1968), while similarity between individuals enhances ini tial attraction (Vinacke, Shannon, Palazzo Balsavage, 1988), and allowsRead MoreEssay1006 Words   |  5 Pages This study resulted in a nonsignificant difference between the attraction to either of the racially typical names. This null finding does not support the school of thought that opinions are formed based solely on race. Some researchers have challenged Norton, Frost, and Ariely’s findings because their data is thought to be inaccurate for real-life situations. Ullrich, Krueger, Brod, and Groschupf published their response to the â€Å"less is more† finding, stating that while their hypothesis worked inRead MorePSY 301 Week 5 Final Paper Social Psychology Bringing It All Together618 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Psychology Bringing It All Together in this pack Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together According to Feenstra (2011): â€Å"Social psychologists investigate how we view ourselves and others, how we interact with others, how we influence others, and how we act when we are part of a group. Given the amount of time each of us spends thinking about and interacting with the people we encounter every day, much of our lives are spent with the subject matter of social psychology.†(p.22)Read MoreScientific Perspective on Attraction Essays909 Words   |  4 PagesDictionary (n.d.), attraction is referred to as allurement or enticement, or in physics terms, a magnetic force between oppositely charged bodies that draws them together. But in a field that is not tangible, such as social psychology, defining attraction is a bit more complex, as there is no magnetic force between humans. There are often no words to explain why one becomes attracted to a specific individual. Psychologists have proposed five factors that best determine attractions. These factors

Determinants of Violence in the Greek Football League a...

Dedicated to PAOK FC supporters all over the world. Abstract This essay aims to unveil the opinions, thoughts and perceptions of Greek fans as far as the causes of violent incidents in the Greek football league are concerned. In the first part of this research project some theoretical considerations about determinants of violence, crime and delinquency in general and in sports are being analysed. For the purposes of this study I contacted a small-scale case study research project with 300 PAOK Thessaloniki FC supporters; in an attempt to determine the factors that contribute to the genesis or escalation of violence in the Greek football league. The research findings of this project have been†¦show more content†¦The drama of violence in sports and particularly in football is of major concern for the Greek government, because of the 2004 Olympic Games that will be held in Athens. A great debate is on in Greece these days, in order to institute measures for confrontation of football hooliganism. The previous minister of sports Mr Lianis tried to implement the British model of hooliganism elimination –expensive tickets, denial of entrance and stigmatisation of fans that in the past showed aggressive behaviour, severe financial penalties for football clubs that directly or indirectly tolerate these groups of supporters- but these measures where ineffective. Violent incidents still continued to occur in the Greek football league. In June of 2004 the newly elected minister of sports Mr Orfanos started a new scheme for confrontation of violent incidents in sports. But the same mistake was repeated for one more time. The governmental bodies responsible for the implementation of this anti-hooliganism scheme –Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Hellenic Football Association (E.P.O) - did not take under consideration the views and the perceptions of the Greek fans on this issue. As a result this new scheme caused more frustration and disappointment to the majority of football fans. As Kalatzo, a well-known PAOK FC supporter states â€Å"they always decide for us without us. This is unacceptable! Those people that decide for us spent their

Mise en Place Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Mise en place. Answer: Sol 1: Mise en place means to have everything in place. It is important to have good mise en place for the appetizers on the menu, because appetizers are the foreplay of meals. Great appetizers will get the individual in the mood, and they will be excited to know what else is present in store for them. Moreover, Appetizers are small portions of food that are designed to stimulate the appetite of the individuals before having the main course meal. They are small, attractive, and tasty. Hence, they dont fill up the individual completely and thus; the individual will order more food to have satisfaction. The term hors douevres is the French word which means outside of the main meal. Sol 2: Vinaigrette is the salad dressing of wine vinegar, oil, and seasoning. Vinaigrette is made by mixing the oil with some acidic solution like lemon juice or vinegar. This mixture can then be enhanced with some herbs, salt, or spices. It is also known as the French dressing. It can accentuate the salad's flavor, as well as, also provides the moisture to the salad. The usual ratio of vinaigrette is one part of vinegar and three parts of oil. Different types of vinaigrette include Balsamic vinaigrette, Raspberry vinaigrette, Red wine vinaigrette, Strawberry Poppy seed vinaigrette, and Russian vinaigrette. Sol 3: The function of the appetizer is to keep the person away from getting hungry before the main course is provided to him/her and also to keep him/her away from waiting too long. Moreover, the main function of the appetizers is to increase one's hunger and to prepare them for the main course. Appetizers are the important part of the menu of the restaurant and hence, must be attractive, tasty, and healthy. The good appetizer should possess the distinct, piquant flavor, as well as, the appetite-whetting qualities. Moreover, in present times people are more health and diet conscious, hence, providing appetizers to those customers is a great idea as they are more healthy, smaller in portion, and tasty also (Premavalli, Wadikar, Nanjappa, 2009). Sol 4: The term hors douevres is the French word which means outside of the main meal. In recent years, the term hors d'oeuvres have gained much popularity and is seen on most of the classical menus served in the modest eating places. They are the appetizers that are spicy in nature and stimulates the appetite of an individual. A few examples of hors d oeuvres are salads, Caviar, shellfish cocktail, Melon Frappe, Saumon Fume, and Pate maison. Sol 5: It is important to label the appetizers before storing them for the safety and quality of the food. Further, it will help to ensure that appetizers are consumed before occurring of the spoilage, as well as before its expiration date passes. It will indicate that how long the food is of good quality and can be consumed without having any harmful effects on ones body. Sol 6: A primary reason for stock rotation to position the older items in such a way so that the company or concerned department sell them more quickly as compared to the newer inventory. Therefore, stock rotation reduces the potential of throwing out all the inventory that perishes or expires, as obsolete inventory is the significant amount of cost for all the companies, as well as, it can impede their profits. Hence, the reason for stock rotation is to reduce all the losses incurred from the deterioration and obsolescence. Sol 7: Canape is an appetizer that consists of the piece of bread, toast, or a cracker, which is topped with the savory spread. The example of hot canaps is Hot Crab Canapes, which is a crab meat and cream cheese cracker spread crab appetizer, Hot Cream Cheese Canapes, which is the mixture of the cream cheese, onion, egg, pepper, and bread, and Hot Steak Canapes, which is composed of the beef strip sirloin steak. Examples of Cold Canapes are smoked salmon, which is smoked salmon served with the cream cheese on a rye bread, Salami Cones, which is Cornucopia of salami filled with horseradish cream, and baby shrimp, which is baby shrimp served with cream cheese on a rye bread. Sol 8: The height in the salads is purely for presentation purposes as it gives visual appeal of live, vibrant greens as opposed to a salad weighed down by toppings or heavy dressings. The four basic parts of the composite salads are base, body, dressing, and garnish. Salad chefs are responsible for making salads in the kitchen. Sol 9: Appetizer name Cooking method Pomegranate glazed carrots Dry heat Turkey Tamales with Mole Negro Dry heat Fried Calamari Dry heat Bruschetta Dry heat French Fries Dry heat Sol 10: It is important to serve the spread of appetizers using a range of cooking methods, textures, colors, and flavors to give them attractive appearance, appealing color, or fragrance. It gives appreciation to the food one eats. Moreover, the spread is placed on top of the base of the appetizer so that the garnish sticks to the appetizer without falling off. To give flavor, design, and color to the appetizer the spreads are widely used. Sol 11: Two basic salad dressings are Vinaigrette and creamy dressings, like mayonnaise or fermented milk products. The three functions of dressing in the salad are to provide flavor to the salad, it holds the salad together, and provides the taste and attractive appearance to the salad. Sol 12: Four dressings in which mayonnaise is used as a base are Baconnaise, Cilantro Aioli, Ranch Dressing, and Tartar Sauce (Oruna-Concha, Bakker, Ames, 2002). Sol 13: Utensils: Baking Pan Mechanical equipment: Salad dressing shaker Large fixed equipment: Microwave Oven Sol 14: We can use the food processor for preparation of the breadcrumbs, chopping nuts, herbs, or vegetables, crushing vegetables and fruits, blending cake ingredients, and making pastries. Sol 15: While using meat slicers at room temperature it should be ensured that it should be cleaned, as well as, sanitized within every four hours of its use to prevent any growth of the disease-causing bacteria such as Listeria. One should always follow the workplace safety procedures, as well as, operating instructions of the meat when cleaning or using utensils and equipment, and also when working with chemical sanitizers. Sol 16: It is important to use sharp knives while preparing appetizers as it is the main tool in the kitchen for making foods and sharp knives are safe to use. Dull knives are more prone to slipping out the food one is cutting and hence, cutting the person also. Moreover, a dull knife requires the additional force, which can be dangerous (Rossi, Scapin, Grando, Tondo, 2012). Sol 17: To prevent cross contamination in the kitchen one should always prepare the food with good hygiene, by storing the foods in the right place, and by using the different chopping boards for meats and other items (Cogan, Slader, Bloomfield, Humphrey, 2002). Sol 18: The salmon must be cured before it is used for the preparation of the smoked salmon canap. I will refrigerate the salmon for 8-10 hours to cure before its smoking. Sol 19: The salads and appetizers should be made as close to the servings as possible for preventing storage of the salads and appetizers so that they can be consumed at the time of preparation. Sol 20: The storage conditions for cold salads and appetizers is to be stored under right place, at the right temperature, and for the suitable period depending upon its ingredients. References Bell, C. (2002). Controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables.Journal Of Stored Products Research,38(1), 93. Cogan, T., Slader, J., Bloomfield, S., Humphrey, T. (2002). Achieving hygiene in the domestic kitchen: the effectiveness of commonly used cleaning procedures.J Appl Microbiol,92(5), 885-892 Dincer, C., Karaoglan, M., Erden, F., Tetik, N., Topuz, A., Ozdemir, F. (2011). Effects of Baking and Boiling on the Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] Cultivars.Plant Foods For Human Nutrition,66(4), 341-347. Ganry, J. (2011). More fruits and vegetables!.Fruits,66(1), 1-2. Oruna-Concha, M., Bakker, J., Ames, J. (2002). Comparison of the volatile components of two cultivars of potato cooked by boiling, conventional baking and microwave.

IT Planning at ModMeters free essay sample

Taking ModMeters global from a North American operation seemed to be a logical next step for the company. Its products, metering components of all types, were highly specialized and in great demand from such diverse customers as utility companies, manufacturers, and a host of other industries. Originally founded as Modern Meters, the firm had grown steadily as demand for its metering expertise and components had grown over the past century or so.Today ModMeters was the largest producer of metering components in the world with a full range of both mechanical and, now, digital products. Expanding into meter assembly with plants in Asia and Eastern Europe was a good plan,Because of its age and scientific orientation, ModMeters (as he still preferred to call it) had been in the IT business a long time. Starting back in the early 1960s, the company had gradually automated almost every aspect of its business from finance and accounting to supply chain management. We will write a custom essay sample on IT Planning at ModMeters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ModMeters currently had systems reflecting just about every era of computers from punch cards to PCs. Unfortunately, the company never seemed to have the resources to invest in re-engineering its existing systems. It just layered more systems on top of the others. A diagram of all the interactions among systems looked like a plate of spaghetti. There was no way they were going to be able to support two new strategic thrusts with their current budget levels, he thought as he applauded the new design along with the others.We’ve put a lot of effort into developing this new strategy, and there will be some extra money for IT but not enough to do that plus everything all of you want. We need to retrench and regroup and move forward at the same time. The way I see it, we have to understand two things before we can really make a new budget. First, we need to figure out how each of the IT projects we’ve got on the table contributes to one of our key corporate objectives. Second, we need to figure out a way to determine the value of each to ModMeters so that we can prioritize it.This process will need to accomplish a number of things: It will need to take an enterprise perspective on IT. We’re all in these new strategies together. It will have to incorporate all types of IT initiatives—our new strategies, the needs of Fred and others for the new IT to operate and improve our existing business, Stan’s new auditing needs, and our operations and maintenance needs. In addition, we must find some way of allocating some of the budgets to fixing the mess we have in IT right now. It must provide a better way to connect new IT work with our corporate objectives. It must help us prioritize projects with different types of value. Finally, it must ensure we have the business and IT resources in place to deliver that value.

The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Essay Example

The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Essay The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Dee Whitworth Angelina College Abstract Divorce can have many psychological effects on a child. When a marriage ends in divorce, a child of the marriage may view the divorce the same as if a parent has died. During the period following a parental separation a child may have feelings of denial, anxiety, abandonment, anger, guilt, depression and conflicts of loyalty. Because of the pain and emotional damage the child is sure to suffer, many parents stay in a dysfunctional marriage believing it is the best thing for their child. There are some cases where staying together for the sake of the child can actually be detrimental to the child. A parent can diminish the negative effects of a divorce by supporting and reassuring their children, before, during and after the separation. A parent can rebuild the child’s sense of security by reestablishing stability. If parents do not take the time to address the emotional needs of the child during the process of a divorce, parents can damage their relationship with their child and the emotional development of the child. Keywords: Divorce, Psychological effects, Children Divorce is a stressful time for every member of a family. The psychological effects of a child during this stressful time depend in part on the age of the child and the parents’ ability to control their emotions and to work together to sooth and reassure the child. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan (1999) believe children in this age group are too young to understand what is happening. Even though these children may not understand what is happening between their parents, they may sense the distress their parents are feeling, and react negatively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Cohen (2002), â€Å"Infants and children younger than 3 years may reflect their caregivers’ distress, grief, and preoccupation; they often show irritability, increased crying, fearfulness, separation anxiety, sleep and gastrointestinal problems, aggression, and developmental regression† (p. 1019). The parents of a child in this age group need to work together to foster feelings of security in their child. According to Henning and Oldham (1977), Parents of pre-school hildren that establish consistent routines and reassure their children that they will not be abandoned are able to reestablish a child’s sense of security. Children that are four and five years of age sometimes feel that they are to blame for their parent’s divorce. They feel that if they had not been bad their parents would not be getting divorced. Additionally, children in this age group tend to believe that they can make their parents reconcile by being a good child. According to Henning and Oldham (1977), â€Å"Young children and pre-school children have an incomplete and confused understanding of what has caused such a radical change in the family routine† (p. 55). Cohen (2002) states that â€Å"At 4 to 5 years of age, children often blame themselves for the breakup and parental unhappiness, become more clingy, show externalizing behavior (acting out), misperceive the events of the divorce situation, fear that they will be abandoned, and have more nightmares and fantasies† (p. 1019). It has been implied that boys in this age group have a harder time adjusting to the divorce than young girls. According to Max (1970), the effects of an absent father are felt the most by boys aged four to six. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (1999) found that â€Å"Fathers involvement has been found to be greater with sons following divorce and to be more important for the development of boys than of girls† (p. 132). You could argue that the reason for this is because sons get their gender identify from their father, so the loss of a father affects a boy more than it does a girl. Parents can alleviate some of the anxiety of the child by allowing the father access to the child. If it is not possible for the father to maintain a close relationship with the child, due to violence or sexual abuse, the mother should take steps to find a suitable male role model to help her children, like a coach or scout leader (Sugar, 1970, p. 592). Gardner (1977) tells us that children often use a male teacher as a surrogate father figure. Adolescents and teenagers are more likely to openly show their anger toward their parents and become depressed during a divorce. They are more likely to act out by stealing, lying and becoming sexually promiscuous. These behaviors can lead the child to become pregnant or associate with other children who are also displaying delinquent behavior (Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan, 1999, p. 131). Cohen (2002) has stated that â€Å"School-aged children may be moody or preoccupied; show more aggression, temper, and acting out behavior; seem uncomfortable with gender identity; and feel rejected and deceived by the absent parent. School performance may decrease, and they may agonize about their divided loyalties and feel that they should be punished† (p. 1019). Adolescents and teenagers are often torn between their parents and show an alliance to one parent over the other parent. This alliance makes it difficult for the child to talk to one parent without feeling as if they are betraying their loyalty to the other parent. The alliance may also be utilized by the child to manipulate their parent (Henning @ Oldham, 1977, p. 56). Some children in this age group deal with their negative feelings by pulling away from their parents and becoming more independent. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan (1999) found that â€Å"Some girls actually seem to be enhanced by dealing with the responsibilities, independence, and challenges associated with divorce in a supportive environment† (p. 132). Although some girls do seem to thrive after a divorce, they often grow into young women who set exceptionally high expectations for themselves, but still feel inadequate no matter how much they may accomplish. Although divorce has been found to enhancement some girls, it is rarely found that divorce has enhanced boys (Hetherington @ Stanley-Hagan, 1999, p. 132). Some parents maintain their unhappy marriage because they fear a divorce would negatively affect their child. In some cases, maintaining a turbulent marriage may be more detrimental to a child than an actual divorce (Rosen, 1977, p. 26). Additionally, â€Å"children adjust better in a harmonious single parent household that in an acrimonious two-parent household† (Hetherington @ Stanley-Hagan, 1999, p. 37). This confirms that a child can be negatively affected when parents try to stay together for the sake of the child. Rhona Rosen, M. A. , interviewed 92 children of divorce and found that â€Å"73 children stated in the strongest terms that they would not have chosen to have their parents stay together in conflict† (Rosen, 1977, p. 24). Parents who maintain a combative relationship for the sake of the child are actua lly hurting the child’s psychological development more than if they divorced. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan (1999) believe â€Å"Children whose parents will later divorce is already showing problems in adjustment many years before the divorce† (p. 133). Children who are well adjusted before divorce are better able to adapt and navigate through the stressful time of divorce. Children who were poorly adjusted before a divorce continue having problems after a divorce and are at greater risk for adjustment problems in later life (Hetherington, 1999, p. 133). A lack of parental communication and guidance causes great distress to a child during a pending divorce. The paramount problem of children during the divorce process is that the adults involved in marital strife are not looking for ways in which to help their children adjust to the transition, but are searching for ways to implement their own personal life readjustment† (Henning @ Oldham, 1977, p. 56). Parents neglect to talk to their child the divorce because they fear giving too much informatio n would be detrimental to the child. This lack of information causes the child to blame themselves for the divorce or to come up with their own explanations for their parent’s divorce, which could be worse than the actual reasons for the divorce. According to Gardner (1977), â€Å"To deprive the children of information regarding the major issues that brought about the divorce can only produce distrust of the parents at a time when they are most in need of a trusting relationship† (p. 4). Couples that have friendly, cooperative relationships do not usually get divorced. When a relationship deteriorates and a couple decides to divorce, and there is a child involved, they need to put aside their hostilities and focus on the needs of the child. A child who is a product of divorce who has loving, supportive, communicative parents is more likely to be happy and social well adjusted. Alternatively, a child who is a product of divorce and has parents who remain combative and hostile is more likely to suffer depression and have dysfunctional relationships throughout their life. References Cohen, G. (2002). Helping Children and Families Deal With Divorce and Separation. American Academy of Pediatrics, 110(6), 1019-1023. Gardner, R. (1977). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE-SOME LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6(2), 3-6. Henning, J. , Oldham, J. (1977). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE: LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISES. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6(2), 55-58. Hetherington, E. , Stanley-Hagan, M. (1999). The Adjustment of Children with Divorced Parents: A Risk and Resiliency Perspective. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry Allied Disciplines, 40(1), 129-140. Rosen, R. (1977). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE: WHAT THEY FEEL ABOUT ACCESS AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE DIVORCE EXPERIENCE. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6(2), 24-26. Sugar, M. (1970). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE. Pediatrics, 46(4), 588-595.

Highlights of Late 19th Century Womens Labor Organizing

Highlights of Late 19th Century Women's Labor Organizing Some highlights of American womens labor organizing in the late 19th century: In 1863, a committee in New York City, organized by the editor of the New York Sun, began to help women collect wages due them that had not been paid. This organization continued for fifty years. Also in 1863, women in Troy, New York, organized the Collar Laundry Union. These women worked in laundries making and laundering the detachable collars stylish on mens shirts. They went on strike, and as a result won an increase in wages. In 1866, their strike fund was used to aid the Iron Molders Union, building a lasting relationship with that mens union. The leader of the laundryworkers union, Kate Mullaney, went on to become assistant secretary of the National Labor Union. The Collar Laundry Union dissolved July 31, 1869, in the the middle of another strike, faced with the threat of paper collars and the likely loss of their jobs. The National Labor Union was organized in 1866; while not exclusively focusing on womens issues, it did take a stand for the rights of working women. The first two national unions to admit women were the Cigarmakers (1867) and the Printers (1869). Susan B. Anthony used her paper, The Revolution, to help working women organize in their own interests. One such organization formed in 1868, and became known as the Working Womens Association. Active in this organization was Augusta Lewis, a typographer who kept the organization focused on representing the women on pay and working conditions, and kept the organization out of political issues such as woman suffrage. Miss Lewis became the president of the Womens Typographical Union No. 1 which grew out of the Working Womens Association. In 1869, this local union applied for membership in the national Typographers Union, and Miss Lewis was made corresponding secretary of the union. She married Alexander Troup, the unions secretary-treasurer, in 1874, and retired from the union, though not from other reform work. Womens Local 1 did not long survive the loss of its organizing leader, and dissolved in 1878. After that time, the Typographers admitted women on an equal basis to men, instead of organizing separate womens locals. In 1869, a group of women shoestitchers in Lynn, Massachusetts, organized the Daughters of St. Crispin, a national womens labor organization modeled on and supported by the Knights of St. Crispin, the national shoe workers union, which also went on record supporting equal pay for equal work. The Daughters of St. Crispin is recognized as the first national union of women. The first president of the Daughters of St. Crispin was Carrie Wilson. When the Daughters of St. Crispin went on strike in Baltimore in 1871, the Knights of St. Crispin successfully demanded that the women strikers be rehired. The depression in the 1870s led to the demise of the Daughters of St. Crispin in 1876. The Knights of Labor, organized in 1869, began admitting women in 1881. In 1885, the Knights of Labor established the Womens Work Department. Leonora Barry was hired as a full time organizer and investigator. The Womens Work Department was dissolved in 1890. Alzina Parsons Stevens, a typographer and, at one time, Hull House resident, organized the Working Womans Union No. 1 in 1877. In 1890, she was elected district master workman, District Assembly 72, Knights of Labor, in Toledo, Ohio. Mary Kimball Kehew joined the Womens Educational and Industrial Union in 1886, becoming a director in 1890 and president in 1892. With Mary Kenney OSullivan, she organized the Union for Industrial Progress, whose purpose was to help women organize craft unions. This was a forerunner of the Womens Trade Union League, founded in the early 20th century. Mary Kenney OSullivan was the first woman hired by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) as an organizer. She had earlier organized women bookbinders in Chicago into the AFL and had been elected a delegate to the Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly. In 1890, Josephine Shaw Lowell organized the Consumers League of New York. In 1899, the New York organization helped found the National Consumers League to protect both workers and consumers. Florence Kelley led this organization, which worked mainly through educational effort. Text copyright  © Jone Johnson Lewis . Image:  left to right, (front row): Miss Felice Louria, executive secretary of the New York City Consumers League; and Miss Helen Hall, director of the Henry Street Settlement in New York and chairman of the Consumers National Federation. (Back row) Robert S. Lynd, head of Department of Sociology, Columbia University; F.B. McLaurin, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Michael Quill, N.Y. City Councilman and president of Transportation Workers Union.

Plato's Republic, Book VII - The Allegory of the Cave Essay

Plato's Republic, Book VII - The Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example Since the cave represents the world in which we initially live, with the condition of gloom symbolic of human ignorance, as prisoners of ignorant thought or apprehension, we ought to settle such predicament by moving from the state of darkness where only illusions can be made into that of light in order to acquire a clear view of things. Here, Socrates attempts to communicate the essence of education in the significance of correcting the way things are seen where one engages not only with viewing matters of the physical world accurately but also with the point of gaining access to the ‘forms of ideas’ that are independent of the visible world. Cave dwellers are representative of us people who need to climb our way out of the cave in search of light and the quest is conducted on a gradual basis for any event of proper learning is similar to a meticulous quest which cannot be hurried. This brings stages and identity to a cave dweller who is a metaphor of a person who could reserve the option to stay, leave, and return to the cave. (c) Based on your answer in part â€Å"b†, what does Socrates expect you to do as a result of hearing this story? Be sure you defend your interpretation of the allegory of the Cave. Use examples from the text as needed and provide good reasons to support your interpretation. While Socrates illustrates how indispensable education is in living and what entails systematic acquisition of knowledge which so often is tedious and complex, depending upon the influences that surround a person and his comprehension of them, the philosopher in dialogue expects for the audience to respond by taking concrete action. Having been able to come out of the cave of ignorance, one certainly becomes acquainted to the reality as experienced in the actual so that any prior knowledge is translated with exactness. After this is appropriately carried out, I suppose that Socrates expects the educated individual like me to be accountable for ot hers who are still in the dark and convince them to see the light. In particular application to my life, struggling to get along with a group of people for instance likewise embodies my way out of the cave of illusions wherein while I justify my righteousness over certain matters of dispute, I am blind to the truth about the goodness in others, judging them by my